Essay on History of Corrections - 1749 Words

History of American Corrections The corrections system in America began mostly with the arrival of William Penn and his â€Å"Great Law.† This was back in 1682; the â€Å"Great Law† was based on humane principals and also focused on hard labor as a punishment. The corrections system really began to take hold in North America in the late 1700’s with the idea’s and philosophy of Beccaria, Bentham, and Howard. These philosophies were based on the thought that prisoners could be treated and reformed back into society. This hard labor was used as an alternative to other cruel forms of punishments that were used in earlier times such as physical abuse or even brutal death. In 1790 came the birth of the Penitentiary in Philadelphia. The†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦ incapacitation focuses on the characteristics of the offenders instead of the characteristics of the offenses†(Clear, Cole, Reisig). Rehabilitation is more of a therapeutic method to help the criminal ditch cri me and become a constructive member in society. â€Å"Rehabilitation involves teaching inmates silks and trades that will, hopefully, give them a chance to become law-abiding citizens once they are released from prison† (Long). This method is looked at as more of a treatment than a punishment, to guide the criminal to make better choices and live a better life. Restorative or Community Justice is a fairly new concept. It is aimed more at repairing damages caused by the crime to the victim(s) and the community involved. In this method the victim lays out conditions for the offender and what is necessary to help repair any losses. The community provides assistance to help restore the offender to the community. Some say that this method can be dangerous and bypasses certain safeguards. The goals of corrections are solid efforts to reduce crime. There are many improvements that could be made. As we learn and test these methods, they need to be fine tuned and have the bugs worked out. If something isn’t working in the appropriate way it needs to be addressed and refocused. I think that many of these goals will become weak and maybe overlooked with the new AB 109 bill and other reforms currently taking place in CaliforniaShow MoreRelatedHistory And History Of Corrections1069 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Corrections Sarah Barnett Criminal Justice 1101 Mrs. Childs â€Æ' History of Corrections Corrections have been around since almost the beginning of the nomadic time of people. The Huns developed systems of punishment for behavior or resistance throughout Mongolia. Because of the development of agriculture cities started to become more populated and cultures and fears of people taking advantage or causing harm to others became more and more widespread. This led to more formal systems of punishmentRead MoreHistory And Development Of Corrections796 Words   |  4 PagesThe field of corrections is something that is always evolving, changing, correcting itself and making it better. Its history is filled with various reforms that have created what makes corrections what it is today. But, one has to wonder, what does its future hold? Will corrections continue to evolve and change, or remain the same? To consider what corrections will look like in five years, one would have to start by looking at its history to start. During the 1700’s, the basic punishments wereRead MoreHistory of Corrections: from Then to Now1809 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS History of Corrections: From Then to Now Kris L. Sullivan Colorado Technical University Online A Paper Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of Corrections Solutions January 14, 2008 Abstract The U.S. corrections system, a subdivision of the criminal justice system, continues to undergo change. From its beginnings as laws written in stone, the corrections system has sought to punish offenders. The origin ofRead MoreHistory Of The South Carolina Department Of Corrections1301 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough the original South Carolina correctional system was created in 1866, the modern South Carolina Department of Corrections (SCDC) was established in 1960. It is headquartered in the state capital of Columbia and answers to the governor. There are over twenty thousand inmates contained, and the SCDC has twenty-two institutions. The mission of the SCDC is safety, security, and stewardship. It aims to both contain and rehabilitate inmates to promote the safety of South Carolina citizens whileRead MoreEarly Prisons, Law, and Punishments664 Words   |  3 Pagesfirst legal record found in Middle East (Punishment and Corrections American History). However, the Western nations se em to follow the laws started by ancient Rome. In 1532, the Holy Roman Empire created the cousiti criminals Carolina (Punishment and Corrections American History). Most people believe that the earliest form of law can be found in twelve centuries, which is known as the Justinian Code (Punishment and Corrections American History). In America the crank mill failed to take hold but wasRead MoreStudy Guide/Outline Chapter 11435 Words   |  6 PagesPART 1 PUTTING CORRECTIONS IN PERSPECTIVE Chapter 1 The History of Crime and Corrections CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Define the term corrections, and know how correctional agencies fulfill their mission of protecting society. 2. Identify how corrections can impact the crime rate by understanding the concept of the correctional funnel. 3. Outline the growth of corrections over the past two decades, and describe why the scope of correctionalRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The Correctional System910 Words   |  4 Pagespopular correctional agency in America. Prisons in America were among some of the first public buildings established in the New World. Early prisons were not considered â€Å"houses of punishment,† but were rather referred to as temporary holding cells. The history of U.S. prisons from the late 1700s to the late 1800s was marked by a shift from a penitentiary system primarily concerned with rehabilitation to one concerned more with warehousing prisoners. The failure of reform minded wardens to justify rehabilitationRead MoreChanges Of The Corrections System911 Words   |  4 Pagesall the failures throughout history in corrections, there are several changes that have been made since the initial developments of reform. Humans need to be punished in order to understand wrongdoing, therefore th e corrections system will need to change not only to modern society, but also to the populations to avoid overcrowding. Americans should transition to more probations and community corrections programs, but eligibility for the new lenient methods of correction should only be available toRead MoreWhat Is Using Multiplanar Reconstruction Technique Used For The Conventional Radiographs?1549 Words   |  7 Pageswhich an intervention for its correction can be given to the subject. Demographic data(name,age,gender) Chief complaints of subject History:Present and Past history (including family history,surgical history and Initial evaluation should be started with detailed history regarding prenatal and perinatal events.Symptoms,onset,deficit and progession of disease should be documented.As well as disability and quality of life since the onset of disease.Past medical history can give idea about congenitalRead MoreCja234 Week 3 Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesPrincipal Objectives of Corrections CJA/234 January 1, 2013 The Principal Objectives of Punishment with the U.S. Corrections System The Department of Corrections has continuously changed their goals and objectives throughout the history of corrections. The continuous changes to policies have many contributing factors beginning with the Attorney General, Governors, and appointed directors of the incarceration establishments. With changing laws, new problems arising and changing political

Gender Portrayals Of Women s Advertising - 1636 Words

Caitlin Scurria Professor B. Hammer PIT journal/Transfer Portfolio 21 July 2015 Gender Portrayals in Advertising Gender portrayal in advertising has been a widely discussed and researched topic for years by social scientists, consumers, and advertisers alike. However, many people have looked at the topic solely from the perspective of male and female consumers and the effect that gendered advertisements has on them. In an article from The Journal of Advertising, Linda Tuncay Zayer and Catherine A. Coleman researched this topic from a different angle. The article, Advertising Professionals’ Perceptions of the Impact of Gender Portrayals on Men and Women: A Question of Ethics, analyzes the issue from the advertiser’s perceptions of what they are putting out in the media. Zayer and Coleman had two central research questions: â€Å"What are advertising professionals’ perceptions of how gender portrayals impact male and female audiences? In what ways do ethics inform their creative and strategic choices regarding gender portrayals in advertising?† (Zayer and Coleman 2015) . Research was completed with two rounds of data collection on a wide variety of informants with different levels of experience in the industry (Zayer and Coleman 2015). Research methods included semi-structured and unstructured interviews, a focus group, and field operations (Zayer and Coleman 2015). After research was completed, the informants were placed in four different categories based off three interrelatedShow MoreRelatedGender Portrayals Of Women s Advertising1505 Words   |  7 PagesGender Portrayals in Advertising Gender portrayal in advertising has been a widely discussed and researched topic for years by social scientists, consumers, and advertisers alike. However, many people have looked at the topic solely from the perspective of male and female consumers and the effect that gendered advertisements have on them. In an article from The Journal of Advertising, Linda Tuncay Zayer and Catherine A. Coleman researched this topic from a different angle. The article, AdvertisingRead MoreAdvertising Advertisements And Body Image1645 Words   |  7 Pagesassist the advertising industry and SROs in ensuring that women and men continue to be portrayed positively and responsibly in advertising. History - WOMEN IN ADVERTISEMENTS AND BODY IMAGE Authors have also attempted to correlate various demographic variables such as age and education, as well as geographic variables with preferences for role portrayals in advertising. Through the ages men have been considered to be financial providers, career-focused, assertive and independent, whereas women have beenRead MoreSocial Psychologists And The Human Information Processing System1632 Words   |  7 Pagesmethodology was employed to pursue the underlying gender conceptions of each informant. Informants were asked whether they could imagine the women in the ads as men, or vice versa, in order to uncover traits and values so habitually defined as masculine or feminine that they are unimaginable in the other sex. (Stem, 1993) Social psychologists have argued that schema, networks of memory-based associations that organize and guide an individual s perceptions, are the central cognitive units in theRead MoreAnalysis Of Pantene s Sorry, Not Sorry1591 Words   |  7 PagesAdvertisements with women as the target audience are now having to cater towards the new values and ideals held by modern women. Pantene’s ‘Sorry, Not Sorry’ campaign engages with themes of empowerment by paralleling unempowered imagery with empowered imagery. Stereotypes of women with little diversity can be seen within Pantene s commercials. 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She is a simple and loving woman, with a reassuring middle-class beauty. A figure that often coincides with the housewife. Her model is well represented not only in the many cleaning

Relevant Tax Residents Residing In Australia-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Relevant Tax Residents Residing In Australia? Answer: Introduction: The report mainly focuses in identifying the residential condition of Jenny in both 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 fiscal years. Therefore, the overall staying condition and decisions that is made by Jenny in Australia during the period of the state is evaluated, which could help in determining whether she is a resident of Australia or not. This determination of the overall residential condition is mainly essential, as Australian taxation authority takes relevant tax from residents residing in Australia. Furthermore, lump sum amount is also evaluated, which could help in determining whether the income is assessable income or not. Detecting whether Jenny is resident of Australia or not The situation mainly arises when relevant residential condition of Jenny needs to be evaluated, which is essential for identifying her current residential condition. Furthermore, Jenny was staying hotels for 3 months, after which she rented house near the office for joining it Australian division. Moreover, under section 995-1 of ITAA 1997, Australian residence that resides in the country are liable to pay the relevant Income Tax on the income generated in the current fiscal year[1]. According to the Australian taxation authority, residential condition of an individual could be identified in three distinct ways. This determination of the residential condition is essential for imposing the relevant Income Tax, which needs to be imposed on individuals working and residing in Australia. There are different types of residential test mentioned Under Residency test section 6(1) of ITAA 1936, which could help in identifying residential status of Jenny in Australia[2]. Relevant facts of Jenny could be analysed, which could help in identifying her residential condition. Jenny's singer and has no dependent Jenny is originally working in Hong Kong Jenny has temporarily travelled in Australia for 3 months staying in different hotels Jenny has entered in Australia on 25th April 2016 For the work related purpose Jenny has been travelling to different cities in Australia Currently Jenny has accepted for working in Australia for 9 months Jenny has rented a flat near the office for the purpose are staying in Australia for 9 months Jenny has been transferring all the personal belongings to Australia Jenny has a limited travel plan, where She goes out every week from Sydney due to work related measure Ordinary residence test: Ordinary residence test is mainly considered to be one of the first primary tests that need to be conducted for determining residential condition of an individual. With the help of ordinary residence test, it is determined whether an individual is liable to pay all the relevant Income Tax to the Australian government. Evaluation of the situation mainly states that journey in the first half of 2016 was mainly travelling in hotels for 3 months period.This does not consider that Jenny is an ordinary residence of Australia, which states that different residential test could be used to identify the residential condition of Jenny[3]. 183-day rule: The other residential identification method is the 183-day rule, which is mainly used in identifying the relevant residential condition of an individual living in Australia for conducting business in Australia. The main criteria of the test is to determine whether an individual have decided in Australia for more than 183 days. This rule is mainly essential as it allows the Australian government to tax individual who stay in the country throughout the year for business purposes. Currently, Jenny is staying only for 3 months that is 90 days, which does not comply with the 183-day rule test, which is used in identifying residential condition of an individual. Therefore, under the 183-day rule overall residential condition of Jenny is not confirmed as an Australian citizen for the year 2015-2016[4]. Domicile Test: Under the Domicile Test individuals, residential condition is evaluated, and their intention for residing in the country is estimated. Therefore, under the domicile test if an individual is considered positive then he/she needs to be relevant taxes to the Australian government. The evaluation of Jennys case mainly indicates that she does not have any kind of residence place for the first 3 months. This mainly indicates that the domicile test is negative for Jenny's case and she is considered a non-resident of Australia[5]. Superannuation Test: Superannuation test is mainly considered one of the last tests that need to be conducted by the Australian government to consider whether the individual comes under the Australian taxation bracket.The super animation test is mainly used for individuals that have been employed by the government and working outside the country. Therefore, this test mainly helps in identifying the relevant residence that needs to pay the income tax to the Australian government. However, Jenny is not considered to be under any kind of Government Employment, which exempts her from the superannuation test[6]. From the evaluation of the entire relevant residential test that is used in Australia, Jenny is not considered to be a resident of Australia under any circumstances for the year 2015-2016. Therefore, it could be understood that no relevant Income Tax needs to be paid by Jenny to the Australian government, as she is not considered a resident of the country[7]. Ordinary residence test: The relevant evaluation is mainly conducted for the fiscal year 2016-2017, where the residential condition of Jenny is mainly identified. The ordinary residence test mainly indicates that Jenny is not considered a permanent residence of Australia, which directly nullifies the ordinary residence test. Hence, other measures of calculating the residential status of Jenny needs to be evaluated, which would help in determining whether adequate Income Tax needs to be paid by Jenny or not.Under the Australian taxation office TR 98/17 the different factors that need to be evaluated for identifying the residential condition. Moreover, different cases such as IRC v Lysaght [1928] AC 234 and Levene v IRC [1928] AC 217 could be used in evaluating the residential condition of an individual[8]. The cases could be used in evaluating the residential condition of Jenny and whether she should relevant Income Tax according to the ordinary residence test. 183-day rule: The evaluation of jennys case under the 183-day rule could help in identifying her actual residential position. Therefore, the evaluation would mainly help in identifying whether Jenny is liable to pay the income tax to the Australian government for the fiscal year 2016-2017. Jenny from July 2016 as rented residential plot for staying in Australia for 9 months, which is required by the company where she works[9].This directly indicates that Jenny is going to live more than 183 days in Australia with certain gaps that will be conducted by short trips. In addition, relevant cases such as Dempsey and Commissioner of Taxation (2014) AATA 335 and the Engineering Manager and Commissioner of Taxation (2014) AATA 969 mainly states the actions that need to be taken by individuals that comply with in 183 days. Therefore, it could be understood that under the 183-day rule Jenny is considered resident of Australia, where she needs to be relevant income tax to the Australian government. There are certain exemptions 183 day test results, exemption is if Jenny states that she does not want to stay in Australia then new 183 day test is nullified. In addition, there is no confirmation from Jenny that she wants to reside in Australia not, where it is assume that Jenny is considered a resident of Australia and needs to be all the relevant income tax imposed by the Australian government[10]. Domicile Test: Under the Domicile test, it is considered that Jenny has rented one of the apartments near the office, which directly States no intentions of staying in Australia for longer duration. The Domicile test mainly evaluates whether an individual is willing to stay in Australia for more period and intense to become resident of that country[11]. Therefore, under the domicile text Jenny has complying with the requirements, as she is rented one of the apartments for living in Australia for a short duration. Superannuation Test: Jenny is not considered under the superannuation test, and she does not work for Australian government and is residing outside the Australian premises[12]. Thus, from the evaluation it could be identified that Jenny for the first three month is not considered a resident of Australia, as she does not fulfil any kind of residential test. However, under the Domicile test and 183 day test, for the next 9 months Jenny is considered a resident of Australia. This mainly indicates that relevant income tax needs to be paid on the incomes that are generated on the stipulated period[13]. Mentioning about the lump sum amount of $400,000 and the salary of $100,000 Under s 6-5 of ITAA97, relevant income is mainly identified as ordinary income, which is taxable under the income tax method. Moreover, certain cases are there which could be used in identifying the accessible income of an individual. Under FCTv Woite (1982) 13 ATR 579, individuals over on income identified. In the current scenario the individual is provided with 100,000 salaries which directly come under the assessable income, where relevant Income Tax needs to be paid to the Australian government[14]. The individual for changing the job position receives certain other incomes. The income of 400,000 is the main issue it needs to be evaluated and identified whether it comes under assessable income or not. The evaluation of cases such as Woite and Jarrold v Boustead (1963) 41 TC 701, and Brent v FCT (1971) 125 CLR 418 could mainly be helpful in identifying whether the lump sum income is a part of assessable income or not[15]. There is no exclusive right that is provided to the person handing over 400,000, which directly states that the amount comes under ordinary income. Before it could be understood that the overall payment of 400,000 directly comes under assessable Income, where relevant Income Tax needs to be paid by the individual. The evaluation of case Smith v FCT (1987) 19 ATR 274 mainly states that relevant test could be conducted to identify whether an income taxable income or not. Therefore, both the annual salary and lump sum amount is considered under section 6-5 of the assessable income[16]. Conclusion: From the valuation of the overall assignment, relevant residential test can be identified which can help individuals to detect whether they are liable to pay income tax in Australia. However, Jenny is mainly considered a resident of Australia by using two test such as domicile test and 183-day test. This is mainly helps in identifying a residential condition of Jenny for the next 9 months starting from July. Therefore, the lump sum amount that is identified assignment also needs to be considered under assessable Income, as individual is not providing any kind of valuable goods of the money. Hence, the overall lump sum amount will be considered under Income Tax, where relevant taxes need to be paid for that income. References: Ato.gov.au. (2017).Work out your tax residency. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/ [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Chomik, R. and Piggott, J., 2014. Means testing pensions: The case of Australia.Michigan Retirement Research Centre Policy Brief, Michigan Retirement Research Centre, University of Michigan. Chomik, R., Piggott, J., Woodland, A.D., Kudrna, G. and Kumru, C.S., 2015. Means testing social security: Modeling and policy analysis. Creagh, S., 2014. National standardised testing and the diluting of English as a second language (ESL) in Australia.English Teaching,13(1), p.24. Doherty, P.D., Baxter, J.M., Godley, B.J., Graham, R.T., Hall, G., Hall, J., Hawkes, L.A., Henderson, S.M., Johnson, L., Speedie, C. and Witt, M.J., 2017. Testing the boundaries: Seasonal residency and inter-annual site fidelity of basking sharks in a proposed Marine Protected Area.Biological Conservation,209, pp.68-75. Ferguson, S., Giuseppi, C. and Australia, T.A., 2017. Submission to the Department of Immigration Border Protection. Graham, M., McKenzie, H., Lamaro, G. and Klein, R., 2016. Womens reproductive choices in Australia: Mapping federal and state/territory policy instruments governing choice.Gender issues,33(4), pp.335-349. Knoch, U., 2017. Research in language assessment.Language Teaching,50(1), pp.138-142. McKinley, D.W., Hess, B.J., Boulet, J.R. and Lipner, R.S., 2014. Changes in certification requirements and examinee characteristics are likely to influence the validity of the evidence associated with interpretations made based on test data. We examined whether changes in Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) certification requirements over time were associated with changes in internal medicine (IM) residency program director ratings and...Advances in Health Sciences Education,19(1), pp.129-142. McMillan, K., 2017. Affective integrationand access to the rights of permanent residency: New Zealanders resident in Australia post-2001.Ethnicities,17(1), pp.103-127. McNamara, T., Khan, K. and Frost, K., 2015. Language tests for residency and citizenship and the conferring of individuality.Challenges for language education and policy: Making space for people, pp.11-22. Mytaxresidency.com. (2015).Australian Tax Residency: a rare win for the taxpayer` | MyTaxResidency.com. [online] Available at: https://mytaxresidency.com/Recent-ruling-provides-Australian-expats-with-hope-for-non-residency-claims [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Robertson, S., 2017. Infrastructures of insecurity: Housing and language testing in Asia-Australia migration.Geoforum,82, pp.13-20. Rumsey, M., Thiessen, J., Buchan, J. and Daly, J., 2016. The consequences of English language testing for international health professionals and students: An Australian case study.International journal of nursing studies,54, pp.95-103. Tizi, S. and Nixon, R.L., 2016. Patch testing in Australia: Is it adequate?.Australasian Journal of Dermatology,57(3), pp.192-198. Zanardo, N., Parra, G.J. and Mller, L.M., 2016. Site fidelity, residency, and abundance of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Adelaide's coastal waters, South Australia.Marine Mammal Science,32(4), pp.1381-1401. [1] Ato.gov.au. (2017).Work out your tax residency. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/ [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. [2] Mytaxresidency.com. (2015).Australian Tax Residency: a rare win for the taxpayer` | MyTaxResidency.com. [online] Available at: https://mytaxresidency.com/Recent-ruling-provides-Australian-expats-with-hope-for-non-residency-claims [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. [3] Robertson, S., 2017. Infrastructures of insecurity: Housing and language testing in Asia-Australia migration.Geoforum,82, pp.13-20. [4] Doherty, P.D., Baxter, J.M., Godley, B.J., Graham, R.T., Hall, G., Hall, J., Hawkes, L.A., Henderson, S.M., Johnson, L., Speedie, C. and Witt, M.J., 2017. Testing the boundaries: Seasonal residency and inter-annual site fidelity of basking sharks in a proposed Marine Protected Area.Biological Conservation,209, pp.68-75. [5] Ferguson, S., Giuseppi, C. and Australia, T.A., 2017. Submission to the Department of Immigration Border Protection. [6] McNamara, T., Khan, K. and Frost, K., 2015. Language tests for residency and citizenship and the conferring of individuality.Challenges for language education and policy: Making space for people, pp.11-22. [7] Zanardo, N., Parra, G.J. and Mller, L.M., 2016. Site fidelity, residency, and abundance of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Adelaide's coastal waters, South Australia.Marine Mammal Science,32(4), pp.1381-1401. [8] Rumsey, M., Thiessen, J., Buchan, J. and Daly, J., 2016. The consequences of English language testing for international health professionals and students: An Australian case study.International journal of nursing studies,54, pp.95-103. [9] McKinley, D.W., Hess, B.J., Boulet, J.R. and Lipner, R.S., 2014. Changes in certification requirements and examinee characteristics are likely to influence the validity of the evidence associated with interpretations made based on test data. We examined whether changes in Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) certification requirements over time were associated with changes in internal medicine (IM) residency program director ratings and...Advances in Health Sciences Education,19(1), pp.129-142. [10] Tizi, S. and Nixon, R.L., 2016. Patch testing in Australia: Is it adequate?.Australasian Journal of Dermatology,57(3), pp.192-198. [11] Knoch, U., 2017. Research in language assessment.Language Teaching,50(1), pp.138-142. [12] McMillan, K., 2017. Affective integrationand access to the rights of permanent residency: New Zealanders resident in Australia post-2001.Ethnicities,17(1), pp.103-127. [13] Chomik, R. and Piggott, J., 2014. Means testing pensions: The case of Australia.Michigan Retirement Research Centre Policy Brief, Michigan Retirement Research Centre, University of Michigan. [14] Graham, M., McKenzie, H., Lamaro, G. and Klein, R., 2016. Womens reproductive choices in Australia: Mapping federal and state/territory policy instruments governing choice.Gender issues,33(4), pp.335-349. [15] Chomik, R., Piggott, J., Woodland, A.D., Kudrna, G. and Kumru, C.S., 2015. Means testing social security: Modeling and policy analysis. [16] Creagh, S., 2014. National standardised testing and the diluting of English as a second language (ESL) in Australia.English Teaching,13(1), p.24.